Molecular mechanisms and highly functional development for stress tolerance of the yeast<i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>

ABSTRACT In response to environmental stress, microorganisms adapt drastic changes while exerting cellular functions by controlling gene expression, metabolic pathways, enzyme activities, and protein–protein interactions. Microbial cells that undergo a fermentation process are subjected stresses, such as high temperature, freezing, drying, in pH osmotic pressure, organic solvents. Combinations of these stresses continue over long terms often inhibit cells’ growth lead their death, markedly limiting the useful (eg ability). Thus, stress tolerance is required improve productivity add value fermented/brewed foods biofuels. This review focuses on mechanisms, including l-proline/l-arginine metabolism, ubiquitin system, transcription factors, functional development yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which has been used not only basic science model higher eukaryotes but also processes for making alcoholic beverages, food products, bioethanol.